Liquids and Solids
These lessons focus on the phases of matter, specifically exploring inter-molecular forces. Consequently, they teach the relationships between pressure, temperature, and molecular density, and how these factors impact reactivity potential under these specific environmental dependencies.
Inter-molecular Forces
By the conclusion of this section, the pupil will be expected to have attained the following objectives: To describe the principal kinds of inter-molecular forces that may arise between atoms or molecules in condensed states of matter, namely dispersion forces, dipole–dipole attractions, and hydrogen bonding. To identify the particular types of inter-molecular forces acting within given substances, on the basis of their molecular structures. To explain the relationship between the inter-molecular forces present in a substance and the temperatures at which changes of physical state occur.
Properties of Liquids
By the conclusion of this section, the pupil will be expected to have achieved the following aims: To distinguish clearly between adhesive and cohesive forces. To define the terms viscosity, surface tension, and capillary rise. To describe the part played by inter-molecular attractive forces in each of these properties and phenomena.
Phase Transitions
By the conclusion of this section, the pupil will be expected to have attained the following objectives: To define phase transitions and the temperatures at which such transitions occur. To explain the relation between phase-transition temperatures and inter-molecular attractive forces. To describe the processes represented by typical heating and cooling curves, and to calculate the associated heat flows and enthalpy changes accompanying these processes.
Phase Diagrams
By the conclusion of this section, the pupil will be expected to have achieved the following aims: To explain the construction and use of a typical phase diagram. To employ phase diagrams in identifying the stable phases present at given temperatures and pressures, and in describing the phase transitions that result from changes in these conditions. To describe the supercritical fluid as a distinct phase of matter.
The Solid State of Matter
By the conclusion of this section, the pupil will be expected to have attained the following objectives: To define and describe the bonding and characteristic properties of ionic, metallic, molecular, and covalent-network crystalline solids. To describe the principal classes of crystalline solids, namely ionic solids, metallic solids, covalent-network solids, and molecular solids. To explain the manner in which defects may arise within a crystalline solid.
Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
By the conclusion of this section, the pupil will be expected to have achieved the following aims: To describe the arrangement of atoms and ions within crystalline structures. To calculate ionic radii from unit-cell dimensions. To explain the application of X-ray diffraction measurements in the determination of crystalline structures.