Composition of Substances and Solutions
The inquiry into chemical concentration, the molar hypothesis, and the constitution of solutions—most notably the regulation of their saturation with diverse elements—stands as a paramount application of our science. These discourses are intended to provide the pupil with a rigorous tuition in the fundamental mechanics of chemical change, as elucidated by the governing principles of modern theory.
Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
Upon the conclusion of this discourse, the diligent pupil shall be rendered capable of the following scientific attainments: To compute, with mathematical exactitude, the formula masses for both covalent and ionic compounds, thereby determining the relative weights of their constituent parts. To define the fundamental unit of the mole and the related quantity known as Avogadro’s number, establishing the standard for the measurement of chemical quantities. To explain the elegant relationship existing between the mass of a substance, the number of moles therein, and the count of individual atoms or molecules. To perform those requisite calculations whereby these several quantities may be derived one from another, demonstrating a proper mastery of chemical proportions.
Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Upon the conclusion of this chapter, the diligent pupil shall be brought to a full proficiency in the following chemical exercises: To compute, by way of arithmetical inquiry, the percent composition of a compound, thereby revealing the proportion by weight of each constituent element held within. To determine, with scientific exactitude, the empirical formula of a substance, expressing the swiftest numerical ratio of the atoms of which it is composed. To determine the molecular formula of a compound, distinguishing the true count of atoms existing within the chemical union from their simplest proportions.
Molarity
Upon the conclusion of this instruction, the diligent pupil shall be rendered master of the following principles: To describe, with scientific clarity, the fundamental properties of solutions, distinguishing the nature of the solute from the solvent wherein it is dispersed. To compute the concentrations of such solutions by employment of the doctrine of molarity, thereby expressing the chemical strength of a liquid mixture. To perform those requisite dilution calculations by use of the standard equation, ensuring that the reduction of a solution's potency is achieved with mathematical certainty.
Other Units for Solution Concentrations
Upon the conclusion of this discourse, the diligent pupil shall be brought to a full comprehension of the following: To define, with scientific precision, the various expressions of concentration, to wit: mass percentage, volume percentage, and mass-volume percentage; as well as those minute measures known as parts-per-million and parts-per-billion. To perform those requisite computations whereby the concentration of a solution may be related to the volumes or masses of its constituent parts, employing these several units with mathematical exactitude.