Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
A series of lessons devoted to the ongoing development of chemical bonding theory, covering sp hybridisation, multiple bonds, molecular orbital theory, and resonance.
Valence Bond Theory
By the end of this section, the pupil shall find themselves equipped to: Render a clear account of the formation of covalent bonds, considered as the result of the interpenetration or overlap of atomic orbitals.Define with precision, and provide illustrative examples of, the σ (sigma) and π (pi) varieties of chemical linkage.
Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
By the conclusion of this section, the pupil shall find themselves able to: Expound upon the doctrine of atomic orbital hybridization, whereby diverse atomic states are blended to facilitate chemical union. Determine with accuracy the specific hybrid orbitals associated with the various configurations of molecular geometry.
Multiple Bonds
By the end of this section, the pupil shall find themselves able to: Give a thorough account of multiple covalent bonding, explaining the coexistence of σ and π linkages through the overlap of atomic orbitals. Relate the doctrine of resonance to the presence of π-bonding and the delocalisation of electrons across a molecular framework.
Molecular Orbital Theory
By the conclusion of this section, the pupil shall find themselves able to: Outline the fundamental quantum-mechanical approach employed to derive molecular orbitals from the confluence of atomic orbitals. Describe the distinguishing traits of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. Calculate bond orders with accuracy, predicated upon the electron configurations of the molecule. Write the molecular electron configurations for diatomic molecules of the first and second rows of the Periodic Table. Relate these electronic arrangements to the observed stabilities and magnetic properties of the substances in question.