The Two Rivers Shores Here We Passed Over, And Time To Take A Break, Before We Leave The Indus Lands

This is section we will try to commulate all our creeks to single river flow of outcomes, prehistoric cultures, to kingdoms, and assuming, was our predictions, based on incomlete and may be speculative scoring method succeed?

Cultural Continuity From Indus Tribes To Kingdoms
Prehistoric / Regional Culture Timeframe (approx.) Fate in History Successor Kingdom(s) or Region Nature of Transformation
Mehrgarh (Kachi Plain, Baluchistan) 7000–3300 BCE Transformed → Nausharo–Mehrgarh Kingdom (Baluchistan Highlands) Became the metallurgical and agricultural base of early Indus; continuity of farming, copper use, and bead crafts.
Kili Gul Mohammad / Mundigak (Afghan Border) 6000–3500 BCE Absorbed, then faded → Western Frontier of Nausharo polity Early trade with Iran & Central Asia faded after 2500 BCE; population merged into Indus highland fringe.
Kot Diji / Ravi Phase (Upper Indus) 4000–2600 BCE Evolved → Harappa Kingdom (Upper Indus Basin) Developed standardized bricks, fort walls, script marks → direct precursor of Harappa’s urban bureaucracy.
Amri–Nal Horizon (Sindh–Baloch Border) 3500–2600 BCE Evolved → Amri Kingdom & Mohenjo-Daro Zone Proto-urban pottery and fort layouts → became southern administrative network under later Indus federation.
Sothi–Siswal / Early Kalibangan (Ghaggar–Hakra) 3800–2600 BCE Transformed → Saraswati / Ghaggar–Hakra Kingdom Villages coalesced into ritual-hydraulic towns; continuity in fire-altars and field layout.
Anarta & Sorath Traditions (Gujarat–Kutch–Saurashtra) 3700–1900 BCE Merged and Survived → Dholavira, Lothal, Surkotada Kingdoms Local coastal and desert cultures merged into the maritime confederation; maintained autonomy into Late Harappan.
Ahar–Banas Culture (Rajasthan) 3000–1500 BCE Partially Survived → Traded with Harappa; later → absorbed by Vedic Janapadas Supplied copper northward; persisted as post-Harappan rural culture.
Northern Frontier / Burzahom–Gufkral Complex (Kashmir–Himalaya) 4000–1800 BCE Survived outside Indus core → Linked to Central Asian steppe; later Indo-Iranian contacts Never urbanized; continued Neolithic way into Iron Age.
Deccan Neolithic–Chalcolithic (Inamgaon, Daimabad) 2500–1500 BCE Independent development → Deccan Bronze traditions; later Satavahana core region Influenced by Indus metallurgy but not politically part of the federation.
Alignment of Cultures with the Nine Indus Kingdoms
Indus Kingdom Root Culture(s) Degree of Continuity Result
Harappa Kot Diji, Ravi Phase Direct, full Urban bureaucratic heartland
Mohenjo-Daro Amri–Nal Horizon Strong Major southern capital; maritime trade core
Saraswati / Ghaggar–Hakra Sothi–Siswal / Early Kalibangan Direct Eastern ritual-hydraulic monarchy
Dholavira Anarta + Sorath Full regional evolution Desert-island hydraulic monarchy
Lothal Anarta + Sorath Full Port-mercantile kingdom; maritime federation
Surkotada Sorath extension Direct Frontier fort and military kingdom
Chanhu-Daro Amri–Nal Strong Industrial guild city-state
Amri Amri–Nal Early Continuity Proto-urban fort kingdom
Nausharo–Mehrgarh Mehrgarh Highland Culture Direct Highland resource kingdom; earliest roots of Indus society
Cultures that vanished entirely (From Prehistoric Period)
Culture Reason for disappearance Outcome
Kili Gul Mohammad / Mundigak Trade routes shifted east; isolation after 2600 BCE Abandoned, absorbed by Indus highlands
Amri–Nal (as independent) Integrated into wider Indus trade system Lost independence, traditions persisted in pottery
Sothi–Siswal (as separate) Merged under Saraswati urbanism Absorbed into eastern Indus ritual states
Cultures that survived or transmitted influence
Culture Later manifestation
Ahar–Banas Copper trade continued into Early Vedic Rajasthan cultures
Anarta & Sorath Persisted in Dholavira–Lothal crafts into Late Harappan (down to ~1700 BCE)
Deccan Chalcolithic Continued independently; linked to Daimabad bronze tradition (~1500 BCE)
Burzahom–Gufkral Survived as pastoral-agricultural upland cultures until Iron Age; possible Indo-Aryan interface

And now it is time to check our prediction scores from the beginning:

Totally vanished cultures we found here (based on facts), indexed within our predictions as:

- [0](Kachi Plain, Bolan Pass, Quetta, and Afghan border regions), we scored this culture with +5

- [1](Indus Upper Basin (Punjab Region – Ravi, Beas, Sutlej Rivers)), we scored it with 2

- [2](Sindh and the Lower Indus Basin), our evaluation for success in consecutive development +6

- [3](Ghaggar–Hakra (Sarasvati) Region — Eastern Indus Fringe), we scored these tribes with 4

- [4](Gujarat, Kutch, and Saurashtra Peninsula (Dholavira, Lothal, Rangpur, Surkotada, Kuntasi, Loteshwar, Nagwada, Bagasra)), in our prediction rated with 4.5

- [5](Rajasthan and the Ahar–Banas Cultural Zone (Ahar, Gilund, Balathal, Ojiyana, Bagor (earlier Neolithic))), we rated the culture with 6

- [6](Northern Frontier and Himalayan Foothills (Burzahom, Gufkral (Kashmir), Mandi (Himachal), Sarai Khola (Potwar Plateau, N. Pakistan), Loebanr, Ghaligai (Swat Valley))), we rated their potential as 1.5

- [7](Central Indian Plateau and Deccan Neolithic (Chirand (Bihar, eastern fringe), Inamgaon, Nevasa, Daimabad, Tekwada, Kayatha, Navdatoli (Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra regions))), our estimation scored 6

Below we will present the table with reality data and our prediction. If our prediction rate is lower than 3, the tribe should not have survived; otherwise, we set a green V as a partially adaptable score. Conversely, if a tribe vanished but we scored a high value, it is considered a misprediction.

Scores Predictions Summary
index rate period tribe fate success/unsuccess
[0] 5 7000–3300 BCE Mehrgarh (Kachi Plain) Survived and transformed
[0] 5 3300–2600 BCE Nausharo Fully survived (absorbed)
[0] 5 6000–3500 BCE Kili Gul Mohammad (near Quetta) Vanished / absorbed
[0] 5 5000–3000 BCE Mundigak (southern Afghanistan) Vanished independently
[1] 2 4000–2600 BCE Kot Diji Transformed → Survived
[1] 2 3500–2800 BCE Ravi Phase (Harappa I levels) Fully survived
[1] 2 3500–2800 BCE Kalibangan I (early phase) Merged eastward
[1] 2 4000–3000 BCE Jalilpur Vanished / absorbed
[2] 6 3600–2600 BCE Amri–Nal Horizon (Sindh–Baloch border) Transformed → Survived
[2] 6 2600–1900 BCE Mohenjo-Daro (DK-G, DK-A, HR areas) Fully survived (until late Harappan)
[2] 6 2600–1900 BCE Chanhu-Daro Survived partially (industrial)
[2] 6 3500–2600 BCE Kot Diji (southern) Merged upward
[2] 6 1900–1500 BCE Jhukar Culture (Late Harappan, post-1900 BCE) Partial survival
[3] 4 3800–2600 BCE Sothi–Siswal Culture (pre-Harappan) Transformed → Survived
[3] 4 3500–1900 BCE Kalibangan I–II Fully survived into Mature Harappan
[3] 4 4000–2000 BCE Bhirrana Survived longest
[3] 4 3000–1800 BCE Banawali Survived → declined slowly
[3] 4 3500–1900 BCE Rakhigarhi Survived fully
[4] 4.5 3700–2500 BCE Anarta Tradition (North Gujarat) Transformed → Survived
[4] 4.5 2600–1900 BCE Sorath Harappan Culture (Saurashtra & Kutch) Fully survived
[4] 4.5 3000–1800 BCE Dholavira Survived longest
[4] 4.5 2400–1900 BCE Lothal Survived (later ruralized)
[4] 4.5 2300–1700 BCE Surkotada Survived partially
[4] 4.5 2500–1500 BCE Rangpur, Kuntasi, Loteshwar Survived as Late Harappan
[5] 6 5000–3000 BCE Bagor (Neolithic precursor) Transformed → Survived
[5] 6 3000–1500 BCE Ahar (Udaipur region) Survived fully
[5] 6 2600–1500 BCE Gilund Survived → Declined gradually
[5] 6 3000–1500 BCE Balathal Survived long
[5] 6 2200–1600 BCE Ojiyana Partial survival
[6] 1.5 3000–1800 BCE Burzahom (Kashmir Valley) Survived long
[6] 1.5 4000–2000 BCE Gufkral (Kashmir) Survived → ruralized
[6] 1.5 3500–2000 BCE Mandi (Himachal Foothills) Partially survived
[6] 1.5 3300–2000 BCE Sarai Khola (Potwar Plateau) Absorbed / transformed
[6] 1.5 2400–1700 BCE Swat Valley (Loebanr–Ghaligai complex) Survived → evolved
[7] 6 2400–2000 BCE Kayatha Culture (Madhya Pradesh) Transformed → Survived
[7] 6 2000–1500 BCE Malwa Culture Survived fully
[7] 6 2200–1500 BCE Daimabad (Maharashtra) Survived → evolved
[7] 6 1800–1200 BCE Inamgaon Survived
[7] 6 2000–1500 BCE Nevasa Partially survived
[7] 6 2500–1500 BCE Chirand (Bihar) Survived

As you may notice, in our game, we have not used complex data with detailed descriptions of each culture, characteristics, multi-angle perspectives for data filtering, or many commonly used methodological tools. But as a game, the authors’ collective hopes the experience has been interesting for you. And now, it is time to change the location — to a region that hides no fewer secrets and is full of potential discoveries in the cultural and social constructional principles of human society design...

This article is part of a long-read publication. [Go to the full version →]

An explanatory publication covering the basics of measurement methodology and the representation of measurement units.

An archaeological overview of the Nabta Playa culture within the article’s context (measurement units across cultures).

Overview of the social hierarchy, administration, and economic organisation within the Sumerian state.

An overview of ancient Egyptian culture and societal structure, focusing on its systems of measurement.

A comprehensive review of Ancient Greece’s socio-cultural background and how its measurement systems were derived from it.

This chapter introduces the cultural background of Ancient Rome, which served as the fundament for the development of its measurement system.

Prehistoric Israel State and its culture-based structural construct, to which we definitely rely the measurements and their standardisation

This chapter devoted to two cultures, Babylonia and Persia, and here uncover why...

And here the place we should turning backward, to culture, already passed but under other angle...

The cultural background of Persia has its roots in the Assyrian Kingdom, and a brief overview will reveal the socio-cultural intercrosses and inheritance from them...

We have passed through many cultures, and the globe still shows no end. Our journey continues — this time...

The Indus (Harappan) civilisation we exposed to our honorable reader above is only one of the socio-cultural phenomena established based on the region proto-cultures, and in this section we will meet you with number of them.

This chapter guides the reader through the region now known as China. Our primary interest, of course, lies in exploring the measurement systems of this culture — but why miss the opportunity to discover a little more?

⛩️ The Qin Empire (Qin Dynasty, 221–206 BCE) and ⛩️ The Han Empire (Western Han, 206 BCE–9 CE; Eastern Han, 25–220 CE): a brief introduction.

In this section, we present to our honorable readers the background of the Shang Dynasty — its state organization, metrological practices of the period, and several additional fascinating aspects of this early Chinese civilization.