Development

The present chapter is devoted to a disquisition upon human development and its intimate relation to the acquisition of knowledge. By 'development' we signify those mutations over time which adhere to an orderly design and conduce to the preservation of existence. Such changes are of a progressive nature—eschewing the sudden or spasmodic—and transpire throughout the entire duration of life, rather than manifesting at a singular juncture. Though this matter is of paramount import to the pedagogue, it remains, as the aforementioned scenario illustrates, a subject of spirited disputation. All too often, the phenomenon of development is accepted as a matter of course. In preceding chapters, divers principles of learning were elucidated; yet, these do not exist in a vacuum. Indeed, one might preface every canon of learning with the proviso: 'Presuming a commensurate degree of development...' To cite an instance: in our discourse upon the formation of memory networks, we observed that students establish links between items of information. The capacity to effect such unions improves with maturation. Students of more advanced years possess more extensive networks of memory and are thereby enabled to forge connections which are beyond the grasp of their younger counterparts.

Beginnings of the Scientific Study of Development

The genesis of the systematic inquiry into the unfolding of the human condition is found to be inextricably anchored within the realms of History and Philosophy; to a consideration of which we shall now address ourselves in due order.

Perspectives on Development

Numerous perspectives regarding human development currently obtain. This lesson treats specifically of those that hold the greatest import for the student. At the outset, we shall discuss certain disputable points which are intimately bound up with the principles of learning.

Bruner’s Theory of Cognitive Growth

Jerome Bruner, a psychologist concerned with the development of the faculties, has propounded a theory of intellectual growth. In contradistinction to Piaget, who sought to bind developmental changes to cognitive structures, Bruner has laid stress upon the divers modes whereby children represent their knowledge. His views constitute a functional account of human development and possess weighty implications for the arts of teaching and learning. The present lesson is designed to furnish the student with a comprehension of this concept.

Contemporary Developmental Themes

The doctrine of Information Processing directs its gaze upon the operations of the intellect rather than upon its mere structures. The present lesson offers a précis of the vicissitudes that befall the faculties of attention, the inscription and recovery of memory , and metacognition. These processes are observed to improve with the progress of development, concomitant with an increase in the celerity with which the young execute them. Other themes of contemporary import treated in this section encompass instruction adapted to the child’s maturity and the significant transitions within the scholastic career.

Family Influences

Manifold are the contextual circumstances capable of exerting an influence upon development, divers of which are to be discovered within the domestic environment. Albeit the dictates of common sense suggest that families exercise a profound sway over the maturation and instruction of the young, there exist critics who contend that the agency of the family has been unduly exaggerated. Investigation, however, shews with ever-increasing clarity that families are of moment, and oft-times to a very great degree. Among the cardinal influences upon development and learning are reckoned socioeconomic status, the constitution of the home, parental superintendence, and electronic media.

Motivation and Development

Supplementary to its office in cognition and learning, development exercises an influence upon the motivation of children. Regarding Motivation: this lesson examines its vicissitudes concurrent with development. Those influences which actuate the child may prove of little avail with the adolescent, and that which stimulates the adolescent may be found ineffectual with the adult. Within any given span of development, it is not every individual who is moved in the selfsame manner. Students of development have distinguished the modes by which motivation alters with maturity. These are discussed in their turn.

Development: Instructional Applications

Theories and principles of development intimate manifold methods whereby developmental diversities may be regarded in the course of instruction. In the preceding portions of this chapter, we have scrutinised instruction suited to the stage of growth, as well as the pedagogical deductions of Bruner's theory. The present lesson embraces styles of learning, the instructional model of Case , and the intercourse between preceptor and pupil.